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A review on high performance photovoltaic cells and strategies for improving their efficiency

Muni Raj MAURYA, John-John CABIBIHAN, Kishor Kumar SADASIVUNI, Kalim DESHMUKH

Frontiers in Energy 2022, Volume 16, Issue 4,   Pages 548-580 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0826-8

Abstract: Moreover, progress in mechanical methods that are used for sun tracking are elaborated.

Keywords： photovoltaic     efficiency     large area deposition     light harvesting     sun tracker    

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Modeling and control of photovoltaic energy conversion connected to the grid

Rebei NAJET, Ben Ghanem BELGACEM, Hasnaoui OTHMAN

Frontiers in Energy 2012, Volume 6, Issue 1,   Pages 35-46 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0169-y

Abstract: This paper presents modeling and control of a photovoltaic generator (PVG) connected to the grid. The parameters of the PVG have been identified in previous work (series and parallel resistance, reverse saturation current and thermal voltage) using Newton-Raphston and the gradient algorithm. The electrical energy from a PVG is transferred to the grid via two static converters (DC/DC and DC/AC). The objective of the proposed control strategy is to maximize energy captured from the PVG. The adapted control law for extracting maximum power from the PVG is based on the incremental conductance algorithm. The developed algorithm has the capability of searching the maximum photovoltaic power under variable irradiation and temperature. To control the DC/AC inverter, an intelligent system based on two structures is constructed: a current source control structure and a voltage source control structure. The system has been validated by numerical simulation using data obtained from the PVG installed in the laboratory research (INSAT, Tunisia).

Keywords： photovoltaic generator (PVG)     maximum power point tracker     grid-connected     static converters    

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Leaching of aluminum from coal spoil by mechanothermal activation

Xiaoxue SUN,Yuzhu SUN,Jianguo YU

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2015, Volume 9, Issue 2,   Pages 216-223 doi: 10.1007/s11705-015-1518-2

Abstract: The process of activating coal spoil (CS) in order to recover aluminum as a high value product was investigated. The CS was first characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC) in order to determine the chemical and mineral compositions of the CS. Then a mechanothermal activation method was adopted to increase the aluminum activity in the coal spoil. Over 95% of the aluminum in the CS could be extracted using this activation method. The mechanothermal activation process promoted the destruction of kaolinite structures and hindered the formation of amorphous -Al O . This resulted in a high aluminum leaching activity in the mechanothermally activated CS.

Keywords： coal spoil     mechanothermal compound activation     leaching    

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Influence of nozzle height to width ratio on ignition and NO

Liutao SUN, Yonghong YAN, Rui SUN, Zhengkang PENG, Chunli XING, Jiangquan WU

Frontiers in Energy 2021, Volume 15, Issue 2,   Pages 431-448 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0726-3

Abstract: To improve the ignition behavior and to reduce the high NO emissions of blended pulverized fuels (PF) of semicoke (SC), large-scale experiments were conducted in a 300 kW fired furnace at various nozzle settings, i.e., ratios (denoted by / ) of the height of the rectangular burner nozzle to its width of 1.65, 2.32, and 3.22. The combustion tests indicate that the flame stability, ignition performance, and fuel burnout ratio were significantly improved at a nozzle setting of / = 2.32. The smaller / delayed ignition and caused the flame to concentrate excessively on the axis of the furnace, while the larger / easily caused the deflection of the pulverized coal flame, and a high-temperature flame zone emerged close to the furnace wall. NO emissions at the outlet of the primary zone decreased from 447 to 354 mg/m (O = 6%), and the ignition distance decreased from 420 to 246 mm when the / varied from 1.65 to 3.22. Furthermore, the ratio (denoted by / ) of the strong reduction zone area to the combustion reaction zone area was defined experimentally by the CO concentration to evaluate the reduction zone. The / rose monotonously, but its restraining effects on NO formation decreased as / increased. The results suggested that in a test furnace, regulating the nozzle / conditions sharply reduces NO emissions and improves the combustion efficiency of SC blends possessing an appropriate jet rigidity.

Keywords： rectangular jet burner     nozzle height to width ratio     ignition characteristics     pyrolyzed semicoke (SC) and bituminous blend     NOx formation    

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Enhanced production of laccase by

Wei SUN, Meiying XU, Chunyu XIA, Anhua LI, Guoping SUN

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2013, Volume 7, Issue 2,   Pages 200-210 doi: 10.1007/s11783-012-0457-0

Abstract: The effect of physical parameters of cultivation (load volume, temperature, pH, agitation, inoculum size, and incubation period) in the production of laccase by wood-rotting basidiomycete were studied using diluted molasses distillery wastewater (MDW) as a major composition. Using fractional factorial design, our study first identified load volume, agitation, and inoculum size as statistically significant factors. Optimal preferences and mutual interactions of the factors were then determined by the response surface method, which is based on the center composite design. A quadratic model was used to fit the experimental data. The optimized operational parameters for laccase production were determined to be the following: culture temperature of 25°C, pH 4, load volume of 40 mL diluted MDW in 150 mL flask, agitation rate of 183 r·min , inoculation of 11.5% v/v, and cultivation time of 6 d. The experimental validation under these conditions (the maximum laccase production of 2198.2 U·mL was within the confidence interval) subsequently verified the accuracy of the constructed model. Moreover, the removal of chemical oxygen demand and nitrogen of MDW reached 62.85% and 48.00% respectively, and the decolorization ratio under the optimal condition was 41.85%. The enhanced production of laccase by is a new recovery strategy for MDW.

Keywords： laccase     Coriolus hirsutus     fractional factorial design     response surface method     molasses distillery wastewater    

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Catalytic ozonation of reactive red X-3B in aqueous solution under low pressure: decolorization and OH· generation

Hong SUN,Min SUN,Yaobin ZHANG,Xie QUAN

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2015, Volume 9, Issue 4,   Pages 591-595 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0694-5

Abstract: Catalytic ozonation of Reactive Red X-3B in aqueous solution had been carried out in an ozone oxidation reactor where Mn-Fe-ceramic honeycomb was used as the catalysts. The presence of Mn-Fe-ceramic honeycomb catalyst could obviously improve the decoloration efficiency of Reactive Red X-3B and the utilization efficiency of ozone compared to the results from non-catalytic ozonation. Adsorption of Reactive Red X-3B had no obviously influence on the degradation efficiency. Addition of tert-butanol significantly decreased the degradation efficiency, indicating that the degradation of Reactive Red X-3B followed the mechanism of hydroxyl radical (OH·) oxidation. The operating variables such as reaction pressure and ozone supply had a positive influence on the degradation efficiency, mainly attributing to facilitate the ozone decomposition and OH· formation.

Keywords： catalytic ozonation     reactive red X-3B     ceramic honeycomb     hydroxyl radical (OH·)    

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Preparation and crystallization kinetics of micron-sized Mg(OH)

Xingfu SONG, Kefeng TONG, Shuying SUN, Ze SUN, Jianguo YU

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2013, Volume 7, Issue 2,   Pages 130-138 doi: 10.1007/s11705-013-1332-7

Abstract: Magnesium hydroxide is an important chemical, and is usually obtained from seawater or brine via precipitation process. The particle size distribution of magnesium hydroxide has great effects on the subsequent filtration and drying processes. In this paper, micron-sized magnesium hydroxide with high purity, large particle size and low water content in filter cake was synthesized via simple wet precipitation in a mixed suspension mixed product removal (MSMPR) crystallizer. The effects of reactant concentration, residence time and impurities on the properties of magnesium hydroxide were investigated by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Malvern laser particle size analyzer. The results show that NaOH concentration and residence time have great effects on the water content and particle size of Mg(OH) . The spherical Mg(OH) with uniform diameter of about 30 μm was obtained with purity higher than 99% and water content less than 31%. Furthermore, the crystallization kinetics based on the population balance theory was studied to provide the theoretical data for industrial enlargement, and the simulation coefficients ( ) based on ASL model and C-R model are 0.9962 and 0.9972, respectively, indicating that the crystal growth rate of magnesium hydroxide can be well simulated by the size-dependent growth models.

Keywords： magnesium hydroxide     precipitation     micron-sized     crystallization kinetics    

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Dietary Lipid Intervention in the Prevention of Brain Aging

Wei Xiong,Bing Fang,Xiaoyu Wang,Ming Zhang,Min Du,Jiazeng Sun,Juan Chen,Yixuan Li,Changhao Sun,Xingen

Engineering doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.04.012

Abstract: As people live longer, the burden of aging-related brain diseases, especially dementia, is increasing. Brain aging increases the risk of cognitive impairment, which manifests as a progressive loss of neuron function caused by the impairment of synaptic plasticity via disrupting lipid homeostasis. Therefore, supplemental dietary lipids have the potential to prevent brain aging. This review summarizes the important roles of dietary lipids in brain function from both structure and mechanism perspectives. Epidemiological and animal studies have provided evidence of the functions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in brain health. The results of interventions indicate that phospholipids—including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and plasmalogen—are efficient in alleviating cognitive impairment during aging, with plasmalogen exhibiting higher efficacy than phosphatidylserine. Plasmalogen is a recognized nutrient used in clinical trials due to its special vinyl ether bonds and abundance in the postsynaptic membrane of neurons. Future research should determine the dose-dependent effects of plasmalogen in alleviating brain-aging diseases and should develop extraction and storage procedures for its clinical application.

Keywords： Brain aging     Nutritional intervention     Phospholipids     Phosphatidylcholine     Phosphatidylserine     Plasmalogen    

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Tool wear mechanisms in the machining of Nickel based super-alloys: A review

Waseem AKHTAR,Jianfei SUN,Pengfei SUN,Wuyi CHEN,Zawar SALEEM

Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2014, Volume 9, Issue 2,   Pages 106-119 doi: 10.1007/s11465-014-0301-2

Abstract:

Nickel based super-alloys are widely employed in aircraft engines and gas turbines due to their high temperature strength, corrosion resistance and, excellent thermal fatigue properties. Conversely, these alloys are very difficult to machine and cause rapid wear of the cutting tool, frequent tool changes are thus required resulting in low economy of the machining process. This study provides a detailed review of the tool wear mechanism in the machining of nickel based super-alloys. Typical tool wear mechanisms found by different researchers are analyzed in order to find out the most prevalent wear mechanism affecting the tool life. The review of existing works has revealed interesting findings about the tool wear mechanisms in the machining of these alloys. Adhesion wear is found to be the main phenomenon leading to the cutting tool wear in this study.

Keywords： tool wear     nickel based super-alloy     wear mechanism    

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Estrogenic activities of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate

JIN Qiumei, LI Yan, SUN Zengrong

Frontiers of Medicine 2008, Volume 2, Issue 3,   Pages 303-308 doi: 10.1007/s11684-008-0058-2

Abstract: Phthalate esters are widespread in the environment. They have been described as being one of the most abundant man-made environmental contaminants that may be adverse to human health. Particularly, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) has been shown to cause reproductive and developmental toxicity and is suspected to be an endocrine disruptor. The primary objective of this study is to determine the estrogenic activity of DEHP. Estrogenic activities of DEHP were studied by assays of human breast cancer MCF-7 cell proliferation. Estrogen-dependent MCF-7 cells were grown in RPMI1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Five days before the addition of the test compounds, the cells were washed by phosphate balanced solution (PBS), and the medium was substituted with a phenol red-free RPMI1640 medium containing 5% dextral charcoal-stripped Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS). Fresh medium was added to the respective test compounds and the control cell received only the vehicle (ethanol). The proliferation of MCF-7 cell was analyzed by the MTT assay, growth curves, mitotic index and colony forming efficiency. Compared with the ethanol control cells, the proliferation of tested cells treated with DEHP, like estradiol, was significantly enhanced and the activity of the cell proliferation reached the maximum at 1 × 10 mol/L DEHP. The relative proliferative potency of DEHP was 0.000 001 with a relative proliferative effect of 97.32%. During the log phase, the mitotic index of the tested cells treated with DEHP and estradiol was significantly increased. The cell cloning efficiency was enhanced, which was treated by 10 mol/L DEHP only for 48 hours. The results show a time-dependent and dose-dependent model. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate enhanced the proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and might demonstrate an estrogenic activity.
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Pollution of NPEOs in four municipal sewage treatment plants in the north of China

HOU Shaogang, SUN Hongwen

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2007, Volume 1, Issue 2,   Pages 196-201 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0034-0

Abstract: The concentration and distribution of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs represents the mixture, and NPEO represents the monomer) and its metabolites in the influent and effluent of four municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the north of China were measured. Moreover, the concentration and distribution of the above chemicals in the sludge of two STPs were also determined, and the transfer and fate of NPEOs in the sewage treatment process were discussed primarily by analyzing the distribution of the products in the effluent and the sludge. The results showed that NPEOs and its metabolites existed in all the samples of the influent, effluent, and sludge. NPEOs were degraded in the sewage treatment process with the removal efficiency in the range of 23.38% 77.11%, or an average of 52.86%. However, the large analogs of NPEO were only degraded to small ones, whose degradation rate was rather slow, and consequently the degradation was not complete. Hence, the concentrations of some small metabolites, such as nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), and nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) were elevated in the effluent. These small metabolites are more toxic than the large NPnEO analogs, and some of them were reported to exhibit environmental endocrine disrupting activity. From this point of view, the process of sewage treatment does not reduce but elevate the risk of NPEOs, which becomes the main source of these small NPEO in the environment. The sludge exhibited good adsorption ability for NPEOs, especially for the small analogs, which led to the high level of NPEOs in the sludge. Hence, reasonable disposal of the surplus sludge to avoid re-pollution is very important.
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The effect of capping with natural and modified zeolites on the release of phosphorus and organic contaminants from river sediment

Shujuan SUN, Lei WANG, Suiliang HUANG, Teng TU, Hongwen SUN

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2011, Volume 5, Issue 3,   Pages 308-313 doi: 10.1007/s11705-010-0561-2

Abstract: A microcosm system that included river sediment, water and different zeolite capping materials (natural zeolite, surfactant-modified zeolite (SMZ), or aluminum modified zeolite (AMZ)) was designed to study the effect of capping on the release of phosphorus and three organic pollutants (phenol, pyridine, and pyrene) from the sediment to the overlying water over the course of three month. For the same amount of the three capping materials, the efficiency of phosphorus inactivation was in the order of SMZ>AMZ>natural zeolite. The inactivation of phosphorus was mainly caused by the covering effect, co-precipitation and adsorption by the capping materials. The different zeolites gave different results for the release of phenol, pyridine, and pyrene from the sediment. When natural zeolite was used as the capping material, there was no effect on the release of pyrene and pyridine, whereas capping the sediment with SMZ or AMZ inhibited the release of pyrene and pyridine but to different extents. However, for controlling the release of phenol from the sediment, aluminum modified zeolite was the most efficient material, whereas no effects were observed when natural zeolite or SMZ were used. The different capabilities of the zeolite materials for controlling the release of different organic pollutants are related to the differences in the electrical properties of these pollutants.

Keywords： sediment     capping     natural zeolite     modified zeolite     phosphorus    

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Base editing technology

Yidi SUN, Erwei ZUO, Hui YANG

Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2020, Volume 7, Issue 2,   Pages 227-228 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2020321

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Protein microspheres for pulmonary drug delivery

Yongda SUN,

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2010, Volume 4, Issue 1,   Pages 82-86 doi: 10.1007/s11705-009-0307-1

Abstract: A new supercritical fluid (SCF) technique was developed for the preparation of microspheres for pulmonary drug delivery (PDD). This technique, based on the anti-solvent process, has incorporated advanced engineering design features to enable improved control of the particle formation process. Human recombinant insulin (HRI) was used as a model compound to evaluate the efficiency of this SCF process. An aqueous solution of HRI with a co-solvent was sprayed into high pressure carbon dioxide that extracted the solvent and water, leading to a dry fine powder with good particle size distribution and near ideal morphology for pulmonary drug delivery.

Keywords： advanced engineering     improved     pressure     aqueous     technique    

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Occurrence of estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals concern in sewage plant effluent

Yan SUN, Huang HUANG, Ying SUN, Chao WANG, Xiaolei SHI, Hongying HU, Takashi KAMEYA, Koichi FUJIE

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2014, Volume 8, Issue 1,   Pages 18-26 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0573-5

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to give a worldwide overview of the concentrations of typical estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the effluent of sewage plants and then compare the concentration distribution of the estrogenic EDCs in ten countries based on the survey data of the estrogenic EDCs research. The concentrations of three main categories (totally eight kinds) of estrogenic EDCs including steroidal estrogens (estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2)), phenolic compounds (nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA)) and phthalate esters (dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and dibutyl phthalate (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) in the effluents of sewage plants reported in major international journals over the past decade were collected. The statistics showed that the concentration distributions of eight kinds of EDCs were in the range of ng·L to μg·L . The concentrations of steroidal estrogens mainly ranged within 50.00 ng·L , and the median concentrations of E1, E2, E3 and EE2 were 11.00, 3.68, 4.90 and 1.00 ng·L , respectively. Phenolic compounds and phthalate esters were found at μg·L level (some individual values were at the high level of 40.00 μg·L ). The median concentrations of BPA, NP, DBP and DEHP were 0.06, 0.55, 0.07 and 0.88 μg·L , respectively. The concentrations of phenolic compounds and phthalate esters in the effluents were higher than that of steroids estrogens. The analysis of the concentration in various ten countries showed that steroids estrogens, phenolic compounds and phthalate esters in sewage plant effluents were detected with high concentration in Canada, Spain and China, respectively.

Keywords： estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals     concentration distribution     sewage plant    

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Title Author Date Type Operation

A review on high performance photovoltaic cells and strategies for improving their efficiency

Muni Raj MAURYA, John-John CABIBIHAN, Kishor Kumar SADASIVUNI, Kalim DESHMUKH

Journal Article

Modeling and control of photovoltaic energy conversion connected to the grid

Rebei NAJET, Ben Ghanem BELGACEM, Hasnaoui OTHMAN

Journal Article

Leaching of aluminum from coal spoil by mechanothermal activation

Xiaoxue SUN,Yuzhu SUN,Jianguo YU

Journal Article

Influence of nozzle height to width ratio on ignition and NO

Liutao SUN, Yonghong YAN, Rui SUN, Zhengkang PENG, Chunli XING, Jiangquan WU

Journal Article

Enhanced production of laccase by

Wei SUN, Meiying XU, Chunyu XIA, Anhua LI, Guoping SUN

Journal Article

Catalytic ozonation of reactive red X-3B in aqueous solution under low pressure: decolorization and OH· generation

Hong SUN,Min SUN,Yaobin ZHANG,Xie QUAN

Journal Article

Preparation and crystallization kinetics of micron-sized Mg(OH)

Xingfu SONG, Kefeng TONG, Shuying SUN, Ze SUN, Jianguo YU

Journal Article

Dietary Lipid Intervention in the Prevention of Brain Aging

Wei Xiong,Bing Fang,Xiaoyu Wang,Ming Zhang,Min Du,Jiazeng Sun,Juan Chen,Yixuan Li,Changhao Sun,Xingen

Journal Article

Tool wear mechanisms in the machining of Nickel based super-alloys: A review

Waseem AKHTAR,Jianfei SUN,Pengfei SUN,Wuyi CHEN,Zawar SALEEM

Journal Article

Estrogenic activities of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate

JIN Qiumei, LI Yan, SUN Zengrong

Journal Article

Pollution of NPEOs in four municipal sewage treatment plants in the north of China

HOU Shaogang, SUN Hongwen

Journal Article

The effect of capping with natural and modified zeolites on the release of phosphorus and organic contaminants from river sediment

Shujuan SUN, Lei WANG, Suiliang HUANG, Teng TU, Hongwen SUN

Journal Article

Base editing technology

Yidi SUN, Erwei ZUO, Hui YANG

Journal Article

Protein microspheres for pulmonary drug delivery

Yongda SUN,

Journal Article

Occurrence of estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals concern in sewage plant effluent

Yan SUN, Huang HUANG, Ying SUN, Chao WANG, Xiaolei SHI, Hongying HU, Takashi KAMEYA, Koichi FUJIE

Journal Article